Part Four of our Virtual Buffers Lab series: Understanding, Making, and Using Buffers. This lab includes a titration procedure for determining buffer capacity.

This lab is designed so each part can stand alone as its own learning activity or all four parts can be used as a complete unit on the topic of buffers. This lab is an adaptation of AP Chemistry Lab ...

To perform a concentration series experiment, proteins solutions must be prepared at three or more protein concentrations in the same buffer (here, represented as protein solutions #1-3).