Given a linear shift-invariant system with a rational system function H( z), the input and output are related by a linear constant coefficient difference equation. For example, with a system function ...

Dynamic equations on time scales constitute a unified framework that bridges continuous and discrete analysis by treating differential and difference equations within a single theory. A time scale is ...

The advances made in microprocessors, microcomputers, and digital signal processors have accelerated the growth of digital control systems theory. The discrete-time systems are dynamic systems in ...