Modern semiconductor manufacturing technology has advanced rapidly. Because of this, measurement using non-contact displacement and transparent coating thickness has become very critical. Applications ...

Sensors for the measurement of displacement based on a number of different physical principles are available for a wide range of applications. This article considers systems capable of resolutions of ...

The following application note describes how to use the Zurich Instruments MFLI, a 500 kHz Lock-in Amplifier, for the purpose of measuring, stabilizing, and controlling the relative distance of two ...

Matter has the mind-boggling ability to behave like waves as well as particles but it has taken physicists some time to exploit this effect. In recent years, however, various groups around the world ...

Accurately controlling film thickness and uniformity is extremely important for both throughput and performance in the automotive, aerospace, semiconductor, medical, and research industries. White ...

Combining a Michelson interferometer with a 650-nm semiconductor laser in a single compact package, the DS-80 micro laser interferometer provides continuous and accurate detection of tiny movements in ...

An illustration of the Berkeley group’s lattice interferometer, where the standing wave of a laser beam in a cavity suspends each atom in a spatially separated quantum superposition state, in the ...