At times we wish to examine statistical evidence, and determine whether it supports or contradicts a claim that has been made (or that we might wish to make) concerning the entire population. This is ...

Should you believe the findings of scientific studies? Amid current concerns about the public’s trust in science, old ...

Research and statistical analysis help us understand how the world works, how effective medications and treatments are, what influences our health, the best approach for business practices, and much ...

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is most often used by researchers to test predictions, called hypotheses. The first step in ...

Objection: Natural variability is the null hypothesis; there must be compelling evidence of an anthropogenic CO2 warming effect before we take it seriously. Answer: The null hypothesis is a ...

Post-hoc testing is carried out after a statistical analysis where you have performed multiple significance tests, ‘post-hoc’ coming from the Latin “after this”. Post-hoc analysis represents a way to ...

Psychology is in a bit of trouble these days. It has made headlines for questionable interpretations of statistics and for well-known studies that can’t be replicated. Other quantitative social and ...